Main Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
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Remarks | An epibenthic or mesobenthic species found on sandy and muddy substrates, commonly on Posidonia seagrass beds (Refs. 1695, 123761). Recorded from very shallow waters down to around 450 m. Females over 3 cm mantle length are mature. Mating takes place when males grasp the female's 'neck' region, and spermatophores are placed in the female's bursa copulatrix. In the western Mediterranean, spawning season extends from March to November; longevity estimated at 18 months. (Ref. 1695). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Refs. 275, 1695). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper (eds.), 2005 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper (eds.), 2005 |
Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper (eds.), 2005 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | Posidonia; |
Association remarks | Common in beds of this seagrass. |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper (eds.), 2005 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper (eds.), 2005 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.97 | 0.65 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |