Main Ref. | Schneider, W., 1990 |
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Remarks | Shallow coastal waters; open sea forming schools (Ref. 417). Habitat is a warm vertically stratified water with deep thermocline (Ref. 78527). Observed to be basking on sand beaches (Ref. 1397). Nesting patterns range from solitary to small groups to arribadas (Ref. 97534). Little information exists on the feeding behavior of post-hatchlings and juveniles in pelagic waters, but they are most likely exclusively carnivorous, consuming, for instance, invertebrates and fish eggs. Older juveniles and adults feed on a wide variety of benthic organisms (Ref. 122680). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Pelagic; Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | Sasa, M., G.A. Chaves and L.D. Patrick, 2009 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Pfaller, J.B., A.N. Palau, P.D. Agamboué, M. Barret, S. Ciccione, G. Cliff, A. Formia, J.C. Manfoumbi, A. Marco, G.-P. Sounguet and A.D. Tucker, 2019 |
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Associations | commensalism; |
Associated with | Planes minutus. |
Association remarks | Basiobiont of Planes minutus. |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Polovina, J.J., G.H. Balazs, E.A. Howell, D.M. Parker, M.P. Seki and P.H. Dutton, 2004 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Polovina, J.J., G.H. Balazs, E.A. Howell, D.M. Parker, M.P. Seki and P.H. Dutton, 2004 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.65 | 0.32 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |