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Anthozoa |
Pennatulacea |
Virgulariidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Sessile; depth range 36 - 366 m (Ref. 109199). Subtropical
Arctic, Atlantic and the Mediterranean: USA and Canada.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Known from circalittoral and bathyal zones (Ref. 85338). Also found on bay, nearshore and slope (Ref. 109199).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Members of the class Anthozoa are either gonochoric or hermaphroditic. Mature gametes are shed into the coelenteron and spawned through the mouth. Life cycle: The zygote develops into a planktonic planula larva. Metamorphosis begins with early morphogenesis of tentacles, septa and pharynx before larval settlement on the aboral end.
Cairns, S.D., D.R. Calder, A. Brinckmann-Voss, C.B. Castro, D.G. Fautin, P.R. Pugh, C.E. Mills, W.C. Jaap, M.N. Arai, S.H.D. Haddock and D.M. Opresko. 2003. (Ref. 1663)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Tools
More information
Age/Size
Growth
Length-weight
Length-length
Morphology
Larvae
Abundance
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 0.4 - 22.7, mean 6.3 (based on 168 cells).
Price category
Unknown.